Syllabus B.Sc. (CBZ with Biotechnology) Ist Year

Criteria for Admission, Examination Scheme,
Syllabus & Ordinances
For Bachelor of Scienc (Three Year Course) (Bio-Technology)
H.N. Bahuguna Garhwal University Srinagar (Uttarakhand)
B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year (Zoology)
Paper-1 (Non-Chordata)
Unit-1
Introduction to Non-Chordata: General character; Outlines classification up to Classes.
Protozoa: Salient features; Study of Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium and Monocystis with reference to structure, locomotion, nutrition and reproduction (life history).
Unit-2
Origin of Metazoa.
Porifera: Salient featurtes; Study of Leucosolenia and Sycon with reference to structure, reproduction (life history); Canal system in sponges; Skeleton system Coelenterata; Salient features; Study of Obelia and Aurelia with reference to structure and reproduction (life history); Polymorphism & alternation of generation of generation in Coelenterates; Corals and coral reefs.
Ctenophora: Salient features of Beroe and affinities with cnidarians.
Unit-3
Helminthes: Salient features; Study of Fasciola, Taenia and Ascaris with reference to structure, reproduction (lifecycle) and parasitic adaptations.
Unit-4
Annelida: Salient features; Types and significance of coelom;
Melamecism and its significance; Study of Nereis and Hirudinaria with reference to structure and reproduction; parasitic adaptations of Hirudinaria; Trochphore larva and its significance.
Arthopoda: Salient features; study of Palaemon and Palamnaeus with reference to structure and reproduction. Zoological importance of Peripatus and Limulus.
Unit-5
Mollusca: Salient features; Study of Pila and Unio with reference to structure, respiration and reproduction (life history); Torsion in Gastropoda; Pearl formation Echinodermata; Salient features; Study of Asterias with reference to structure, locomotion, water vascular system, mode of feeding and reproduction;
Echinoderm larvae and their significance.
B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year (Zoology)
Paper-2 (Cell Biology & Genetics)
Unit-1
Introduction to Cell theory; Comparison of a generealised Pro-& Eukaryote cell.
Elementary idea of cell fractionation; Usage of radioisotopes & antibodies in Cell biology; Light & Phase Contrast Microscopy; Brief introduction to application of Chromatography & Electrophoresis.
Elementary knowledge of the structure & function of plasma membrane.
Unit-2
Introduction to the organelles constituting endomembrane system (Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosome, Peroxisome).
Nucleus & nucleolus: Ribosome; Mitochondria; Chloroplast.
Introduction to cytoskeleton.
Basic features of cell cycle; Mitosis & Meiosis.
Elementary idea of Cell transformation and cancer.
Unit-3
Mendel’s law; Exceptions to Mendel’s law.
Sex-linked inheritance & genetic disorders; Physical basis of heredity.
Linkage & Crossing over.
Sex determination.
Unit-4
Chromosome structure; Euchromatin; Heterochromatin; Histones.
Polytene & lampbhrush chromosomes. Fine structure of gene.
Interaction of genes.
Unit-5
Pedigrees and their application, population and evolution genetics, Eu genesis.
Immuno – genetics and cancer genetics.
B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year (Zoology)
Paper-3 (Taxonomy, Evolution, Biostats & Computer)
Unit-1
Taxonomy: Define & Scope; relationship with Systematics
Zoological nomenclature: Binominal & Trinominal; ICZN.
Methodology in taxonomy.
Components of classification: Linnaean hierarchy.
Concepts of species: Typological, Nomenalistic & Biological
An elementary idea of molecular taxonomy.
Unit-2
Historical development of the concept of evolution.
Theories of organic evolution: Lamarckism (Neo-Lamarckism); Darwinism (Neo-Darwinism), Modern synthetic theory.
Evidence in favour of evolution: Comparative anatomy, Comparative
Embryology, Palaentology, Biochemistry & Genetics.
Unit-3
Palaentology: Fossils & fossilization. Dating of fossils. Significance of fossil record.
Geological distribution of animals, period of evolution and extinction of major groups.
Evolution of Horse.
Unit-4
Biostatistics as a tool in research.
Data collection: Random & non-random sampling.
Data tabulation; Data presentation (Graph. Histogram. Scatter diagram).
Calculation of Mean, Mode, Median and Standard Deviation and Standard Error from given data.
Introduction to concept of statistical significance.
Unit-5
What is a computer? Capabilities and limitations of computers; Component of computer (Input unit, Memory, central processing Unit, Output unit).
Problem solving with computers. Elementary idea of memory (RAM, ROM).
Uses of computers in different fields. e.g. Biology, Medical, Environmental etc.


















B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year
(Biotech)
Paper-4 (Environmental Biotechnology and Fermentation Technology)

Unit-1
Environment: Basic concepts and issues.
Environmental pollution: type of pollution. Methods for the measurement of pollution.
Air pollution: sources and its control: Biotechnological initiatives.

Unit-2
Water pollution: Sources and its control: Water as a scarce natural resource. Need for water management.
Waste water collection, waste water treatment-physical, chemical and biological treatment processes.

Unit-3
Restoration of waste land/degrades ecosystem.
Global environmental problems: Ozone layer depletion, green house effect and acid rain their impact and biotechnological approaches for management.

Unit-4
Fermentation: Definition and scope, Elementary idea about microbial growth kinetics, batch and continuous culture.
Culture preservation and inoculum development, substrate development for fermentation.

Unit-5
Products of fermentation: Ethanol, Acetone, Glycerol, Citric acid, Enzymes, Single cell protein, antibiotics (Penicillin, streptomycin).






















B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year
(Biotech)
Paper-5 (Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics)

Unit-1
Signals transduction: Basic idea of chemical signals and cellular receptors. G protein linked receptors and role of cAMP growth factors as messengers.
Electrical signals in nerve cells: membrane potential, action potential and its propagation, synaptic transmission.

Unit-2
Cells and transport processes: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, role of carrier and channel proteins, general idea of active transport.
Vasicular transportation in eukaryotic cells: role of transport signals.

Unit-3
Mutation: Mutagens, mechanism of mutation and repair.
Cancer as a genetic disease, preliminary idea of oncogenes and protooncognes.
Molecular events of recombination.

Unit-4
General account of plasmids and transposons: Types and functions.
Mechanism of Conjugation, transformation and transduction in bacteria.

Unit-5
Regulation of gene expression: Iac operon, positive control, promoter, operator and enhancer sequences.
Control of ג phage replication, lytic and lysogenic cycles.






















B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year
(Chemistry)
Paper-6 (CH-101 - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

UNIT-I (Atomic Structure)
· Idea of de Broglic matter waves, Heisenberg uncertaininty principle, atomic orbitals, Schrödinger wave equation, significance of ω and ω2, quantum numbers. Radial and angular wave functions and probability distribution curves shapes of s.p.d. orbitals. Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principles. Hund’s multiplicity rule. Electronic configurations of the elements, effective nuclear charge.

UNIT-II (Periodic Properties)
· Atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity and electro negativity-definition, methods of determination of evaluation, trends in periodic table and application in predicting and explaining the chemical behaviour.

UNIT-III (Chemical Bonding)
a. Covalent Bond-valence bond theory and its limitations, directional characteristics of covalent bond, various types of hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to N H3 H3O+, SF4 CIF3 ICI2 and H2O.MO theory homonu-clear and heteronuclear, (CO and NO) diatomic molecules, multicentre bonding deficient molecules, bond strength and bond energy, percentage ionic character form dipole moment and electro negativity difference.

b. Ionic solids-ionic structure, radius ratio effect and coordination number, limitation of radius ratio rule, lattice defects, semi-conductors, lattice energy and Born-Haber cycle, salvation energy and Born-Haber cycle, salvation energy and solubility of ionic solids, polarizing power and Polaris ability of ions. Fajan’s rule. Metallic bond- fee electron valence bond and band theories.

c. Weak interactions-hydrogen bonding. Vander Wall’s forces.

UNIT-IV (Block elements)
· Comparative study, diagonal relationships, salient features of hydrides.
· Solvation and complication tendencies including their function in biosystems, an introduction to alkyls and aryls.

UNIT-V (p-Block elements)
· Comparative study (including diagonal relationship) of group 13-17 elements, compounds like hydrides, oxide, oxyacids and halides of groups 13-16 hydrides, of boron –diborane borazine, borohydrides, carbides, fluoroarbons, tetrasulphur tetra nitride. Basic properties of halogens, interhologens and polyhalides.

UNIT-VI (Chemistry of Noble Gases)
· Chemical properties of the noble gases, Chemistry of venon, structure and bonding in xenon compounds.

UNIT-VII (Metallurgical Process)
· Minerals and ores, general metallurgical operation viz. concentration of ores, calcinations, roasting, smelting, slag and flux, extraction and refining of metals. Chemistry of extraction and isolation of lithium and beryllium.

B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year
(Chemistry)
Paper-7 (CH-102 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

UNIT-I (Structure and Bonding)
· Hybridization, bond lengths and bond angles, bond energy, localized and delocalized chemical bond, van der Waals interactions, inclusion compounds, clatherates, charge transfer complexes, reasonance, hyper conjugation, aromaticity, inductive and field effects, and hydrogen bonding.

UNIT-II (Mechanism of Organic Reactions)
· Curved arrow notation, drawing electron movement with arrows, half –headed and double headed arrows, hemolytic and heterolytic bond breaking. Types of reagents –electrophiles and nuciophiles. Types of organic reactions. Energy considerations.
· Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanaions, arynes and nitrenes (with examples). Assigning formal charges on intermediates and other ionic species. Methods of determination of reaction mechanism (product analysis, intermediate, isotope effects, kinetic and stereo chemical studies).

UNIT-III (Stereochemistry of Organi Compounds)
· Concept of isomerism. Types of isomerism. Optical isomerism-elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centers, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two sterogenic centers, diasteromers, threo and erythro diasteromers, meso compounds, resolution of enantiomers, inversion retention and recemization. Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D & L and r & S. Systems of nomenclature. Geometric isomerism-determination of configuration of geometric isomers, E & Z system of nomenclature, geometric isomerism in oximes and alicyclic compounds.
· Conformational isomerism- conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane, confirmations of cyclohexan, axial and equatorial bonds, confirmation of monosubstituted cyclohexane derivatives. Newman projection and sawhorse formulae, Fischer and flying wedge formulae. Difference between configuration and con-formation.

UNIT-IV (Alkanes and Cycloalkanes)
· IUPAC nomenclature of branched and unbranched alkanes, the alky group, classification of carbon atoms in alkanes. Isomerism in alkanes, sources, methods of formation (with special reference to Wurtz reaction, Kolbe reaction, Corey-Gouse reaction and decar- boxylation of carboxylic acid), physical properties and chemical reactions of alkanes.
· Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes: orientation, reactivity and selectivity.
· Cyoloalkanes-nomenclature, methods of formation, chemical reactions, Baeyer’s strain theory and its limitation Ring strain in small rings (cyclopropane and cyclobutane), theory of starinless rings. The case of cyclopropane ring-bananabonds.

UNIT-V (Alkenes, Cycloalkenes, Dienes and Alkynes)
· Nomenclature of alkenes, method of formation, mechanisms of dehydration of alcohols and dehydraohalogenation of alkyl halides, regioselectivity in alcohol dehydration. The saytzeff rule, Hofmann elimination, physical properties and relative stabilities of alkenes.
· Chemical reaction of alkenes-mechanism involved in hydrogenation electrophilic and free radical additions, Markownikoff’s rule, hydroboration oxidation. Oxymercuration-reduction, Epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO4 Polymerization of alkenes. Substitution at the alylic and vinylic positions of alkenes. Industrial applications of ethylene and propene.
· Methods of formation, conformation and chemical reactions of cycloalkenes. Nomenclature and classification of dienes: isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes, Structure of allenes and butadiene, methods of formation, polymerization Chemical reactions-1, 2 and 1, 4 additions, Diels-Alder reaction.
· Nomenclature, structure and bonding in alkynes. Mechanism of electrophilic and nucleophilic addition reaction, hydroboration- oxidation, metal-ammonia reductions, oxidation and polymerization.



UNIT-VI (Arenas and Aromaticity)
· Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. The aryl group. Aromatic nucleus and side chain. Structure of benzene: molecular formula and Kekule structure. Stability and carbon-carbon bond length of benezene, resonance structure, MO picture. Aromaticity – the Huckel rule, aromatic ions.
· Aromatic electrophilic substitution- general pattern of the mechanism, role of ό and π complexes. Mechanism of nitration, halogenation, sulphonation, and Friedel-Crafts reaction. Energy profile diagrams. Activating and deactivating substituents, orientation and ortho/para ration. Side chain reactions of benzene derivatives. Birch reduction.
· Methods of formation and chemical reaction of alkyl benzenes, alkynylbenzenes and biphenyl.

UNIT-VII (Alkyl and Aryl Halide)
· Nomenclature and classes of alky halides, methods of formation chemical reactions. Mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reaction of alkyl halides Sn2 and Sn1 reactions with energy profile diagrams.
· Polyhalogen compounds- chloroforms, carton on tetrachloride.
· Methods of formation of aryl haides, nuclear and side chain reaction. The additional elimination and the elimination-addition mechanisms of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Relative reactivities of alkyl halides vs allyl, vinyl and aryl halides. Synthesis and uses of DDT and BHC.




















B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year
(Chemistry)
Paper-8 (CH-103 - PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)

UNIT-I (Gaseous State)
· Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behayiour, vander Walls equation of state. Critical phenomena-PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the isotherms of van der Waals equation, relationship between critical constant and van der Waals constants, the law of corresponding states, reduced equation of state.
· Molecular velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities. Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities, collision number, means free path and collision diameter. Liquification of gases (based on Joule- Thomson effect).

UNIT-II (Liquid State)
· Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description). Structure differences between solids, liquids and gases. Physical properties of liquids including their methods of determination (surface tension, viscosity and refractive index). Liquid crystals-difference between liquid crystal, solid and liquid.

UNIT-III (Solid State)
· Definition of space lattice, unit cell crystal planes, Matter indices. Laws of crystallography- (i) law of constancy of interfacial angles (ii) law of rationality of indices (iii) law of symmetry. Symmetry elements in crystals.
· X-ray diffraction by crystals. Derivation of Bragg equation. Determination of crystal structure of NaCL, KCL and CsCI (Laue’s method of powder methods)

UNIT-IV (Colloidal State)
· Definition of colloids, classification of colloids.
· Solids in liquids (sols): properties- Kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulze law, gold number.
· Liquids in liquids (emulsion): types of emulsions, preparation. Emulsifier.
· Liquids in solid (gels): classification, preparation and properties, inhibition, general applications of colloids.

UNIT-V (Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis)
· Chemical kinetic and its scope, rate of reaction, factors influencing the rate of reaction-concentration, temperature, pressure, solvent, light, catalyst. Concentration dependence of rates, mathematical characteristics of simple chemical reaction-zeo order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life and mean life. Determination of the order of reaction –differential method, method of integration, method of half life period and isolation method, concept of activation energy.
· Radioactive decay as a first order phenomenon.
· Catalysis, Characteristics of catalysed reactions, classification of catalysis, miscellaneous examples.

UNIT-VI (Thermodynamics- I)
· Definition of thermodynamic terms, system, surroundings etc.
· Types of systems, intensive and extensive properties, state and path functions and their differentials, intensive and extensive properties , state and path function and their differentials, thermodynamic process, concept of heat and work.
· First law of thermodynamics, statement, definition of internal energy and enthalpy. Heat capacity-heat capacities at constant volume and pressure and their relationship, Joule’s law, Joule-Thomson coefficient and inversion temperature, Calculation of w,q,dU & dH for the expansion of ideal gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for reversible process.
· Thermochemistry – standard state, standard enthalpy of formation-Hess’s law of heat summation and its applications, heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant volume. Enthalpy of neutralization, bond dissociation energy and its calculation from thermochemical data, temperature dependence of enthalpy, Kirchoff’s equation.

CHL-104 LABORATORY COURSE

I Inorganic qualitative analysis (preferably semi-micro): Inorganic mixtures containing cations, anions and combination of anions and combination of anions, and interfering anions. Total number of cations and anions in a mixture shall be six.

II Inorganic qualitative analysis – Volumetic exercises:
(i) Acidimetry-alkalimetry and redox titrations including iodometry.
(ii) Hardness of water by EDTA methods.
(iii) Available chlorine in bleaching powder.

III Physical experiments base on surface tension and viscosity.

IV Pre-lab study and demonstrative exercises:
(i) General awareness of laboratory iems, hazardous chemicals and safety measures.
(ii) Errors, significant figures and lab. Report writing.
(iii) Demonstrative exercises viz, shapes of molecules three dimensional representation,
R & S, E & Z configurations, conformational study with the help of models.

Students are expected to perform all the above exercise. One exercise each out of mixture analysis Volumetric analysis and physical experiment shall be given in the examination.
Distribution of marks will be follows:
(i) Mixture analysis (six radicals) 15
(ii) Volumetric analysis 12
(iii) Physical experiment 10
(iv) Viva-voce 05
(v) Annual Record 08

· Full credit of marks shall e given upto 0.5% error after which for each 0.1% error, two marks shall be deducted.

· Viva voce for ex-student shall carry 13 marks.


Note:
1. The annual work of the candidate evaluated periodically should be carefully assessed. A total of minimum 16 exercises are expected be carried out during the session to get full credit of marks in the annual record. If, however, the total number of experiments done is less than 16, each experiments done shall be evaluated for half mark a record of the same should be maintained in the department/college, as an official record.
2. Less than zero mark should not be awarded.
3. The total number of candidates to be examined per batch in the practical shall not be more than 60.


B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year
(Botany)
Paper-9 [Plant Diversity-1] (FUNGI, MICROBIOLOGY AND ELEMENTARY PLANT PATHOLOGY)

Note: The paper will comprise of three section A, B and C for objective type, short answer and long answer respectively Section A will have sixteen questions of one marks each, three question will be from each unit and the remaining one from any unit. Section B will have seven questions of two marks each, one from each unit and the remaining two from any of the units. In Section C, eight questions should be given at lest one from each unit and the remaining three can be from any of the units. The examines should be asked to attempt any five questions

UNIT-I
· Brief history and salient features of fungi
· Outline of classification of Alexopoulos and salient features of the important group.
· Habit, Habitat, structure and methods of reproduction of fungi based on the following representatives. Stemonitis, Synchytrium, Saprolegnia, Mucor, Penicillium, Phyllactinia, Eurotium, Sacharomyces, Morchella, Puccinia, Agaricus and Alternaria.

UNIT-II
· Distribution and classification of the microorganisms.
· Elementary Principles of isolation and purification of the ciroorganisms. Identification and differentiation of bacteria on the basis of morphology and stains (Negative staining, Gram’s stain and Acid Fast).
· Decomposition of the organic matter in soil and the role of the microorganisms in carbon and nitrogen cycles in nature.

UNIT-III
· Fine structure of bacteria, their classification, nutrition and reproduction. Economic importance of bacteria.
· Viruses: Nature, structure, transmission, multiplication and economic importance Bacteriophages- brief idea.
· Mycoplasms: a general account.

UNIT-IV
· Lichens: Occurrence, Physiology (symbiotic relationship) and general structure.
· Nutrition and reproduction in lichens with special reference to Parmella.
· Economic importance of Lichens.

UNIT-V
· General symptoms of plant diseases.
· General principles of infection and resistance.
· General methods of chemical and biological control of the plant diseases.
· The symptoms morphology of the causal organism, disease cycle and control measures of the following disease. White rust of Crucifers, Late blight of potato, Loose smut of wheat, black rust of wheat and wart disease of potato, Red rot of sugarcane.



B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year
(Botany)
Paper-10 [Plant Diversity-2] (ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES)


Note: The paper will comprise of three section A, B and C for objective type, short answer and long answer respectively Section A will have sixteen questions of one marks each, three question will be from each unit and the remaining one from any unit. Section B will have seven questions of two marks each, one from each unit and the remaining two from any of the units. In Section C, eight questions should be given at lest one from each unit and the remaining three can be from any of the units. The examines should be asked to attempt any five questions.

UNIT-I
· General Characteristics of the group (Algae) and its position in plant kingdom.
· Classification of algae, basic outlines of Fritsch’s and Smith’s classification.
· Elementary knowledge of organization of thallus in algae.

UNIT-II
· Occurrence, structure of thallus and mode of reproduction in the following genera: Chlamydomonals, Volvox Hyudrodictyon, Cladophora, Oedogonium Vaucheria and Chara
· General account of the Bacillariophycccae.
· Ecology of Algae A brief idea of fresh water, marine and terrestrial algae, phytoplanktons, epiohytic, parasitic and symbiotic algae.

UNIT-III
· Occurrence, structure and miode of reproduction of the following genera sargassum, Ectocarpus Batrachospemum, Polysiphonia
· Cynobacteria: A general account, Nostoc and Spirulina.
· Economic importance of Algae as food and fodder in agriculture, industry and in public health.

UNIT-IV
· Outlines and basic principles of classification of the Bryophytes in accordance with the INtermational Code of Bjkotanical Nomenclature.
· Comparative account of the gross morphology anatomy veretative and sexual reproduction development and structure of the sporophytes and mechanism of spore dispersal bassed on Riccia and Marchanitia.
· Habitat, distribution and economic importance of Bryophytes.

UNIT-V
· Comparative account of the gross morphology and anatomy of the gametophytes vegetative and sexual reproduction development and Structure of the saprophyte and mechanism of spore dispersal in Anthoceros.
· General account of the jungermanniales (Pellia and Porella) and Mosses (Funaria and Pogonatum





B.Sc. CBZ with Biotech 1st Year
(Botany)
Paper-11 [Plant Diversity-3] (PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERM, AND ELEMENTARY PALAEOBOTANY)

Note: The paper will comprise of three section A, B and C for objective type, short answer and long answer respectively Section A will have sixteen questions of one markes each, three question will be from each unit and the remaining one from any unit. Section B will have seven questions of two marks each, one from each unit and the remaining two from any of the units. In Section C, eight questions should be given at lest one from each unit and the remaining three can be from any of the units. The examines should be asked to attempt any five questions.

UNIT-I
· General characters of the Pteriodophytes and classification as proposed by Pichi-Sermoli.
· A comparative study Rhynia, Selaginella, Equisetum, Adiantum on basis of following features.
· Morphology and anatomy of the vegetative plant body and spore production organs, sexual reproduction, male and female gametophytes fertilization.

UNIT-II
· A brief account of Telome theory Stelar system ad its evolution
· Heterospory and seed habit in Pteridophytes
· Apogamy, agamospory and apospory in ferns.


UNIT-III
· Outlines of classification and distinguishing features of Gymnosperms.
· Comparative account of the structure, life history and evolutionary trends based on the following examples. Cycas Pinus and Ephedra.
· General anatomy types of wood thickening trachieds, medullaryrays, pitting and resin canals mesarch and pesudomesarch, foliar bundles and stomata in the three types.

UNIT-IV
· Distribution of Gymnosperms in India.
· Economic importance of the Gymnosperms.

UNIT-V
· Fossils : Process of fossilization and types of fossils
· A general idea about Geological era.
· Living fossils.












PRACTICAL

Prepared slides and materials should be shown to the students for demonstration of the general features, Students are requited to make preparation of the important material themselves. They are also required to submit a collection of plant species studied by then either on herbarium sheets o as specimens or live planted material as directed by the Department.

Fungi Microbiology and Elementary Plant Pathology
· A study of the following types : Saprolegnia Phyllactinia, Eurotium Morchella Agaricus and Altemaria
· Study of morphology and structure of different types of lichems.
· Symptoms morphology of pathogen and host parasite relationship of plant diseases White rust of Curcifers Late blight of potato Wart Disease of potato Losses smut of wheat Black rust of wheat Red rot of sugarcame
· Different methods of isolation of miacrobes.

Algae and Bryophytes
Study of the following types by preparing temporary slides : Nostoc Spirulina Chlamydomonas Volvox Hydrodictyon Ckladophiora Oedogonium Vaucheria Chara Ectocarpus Sargassum, Batrachospermum and Polysiphonia
Study of the external features and internal structure with the help of permanent and or temporary preparations of scales rhizoids, gemma cups archegoniphores antheridiophores antheridiophores and sporophytes of the following : Riccia Marchanita Anthoceeros, Jungremanniales Funaria and : Pogonatum

Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Elementary Palaeobotany
Study of the external features and internal structures of rhizome leaves roots sporangia and strobili of Selaginella and Equisetum, sporocarp of Marsilea and prothallus of Selaginella, Equisetum Adiataum and Marsilea.
Study of the morphological features and anatomical structures of vegetative and reproductive parts of Cycas, Pinus and Ephera.